Philippine Endangered Species - 6778 Words

PHILIPPINE Endangered Species of Animals Plants As the worlds second largest archipelago with more than 7,100 islands, scientists dub the Philippines one of the worlds biologically richest countries. But with the continued exploitation of its natural resources, the country is also a biodiversity hotspot, or the richest and most threatened reservoirs of plant and animal life on Earth. Endemic species, or species unique to the Philippines, abound---mainly because of the countrys isolated islands, tropical location and extensive areas of rainforest. The country is home to the most distinct creatures on Earth, such as the flying lemur, the worlds smallest and largest bats (Philippine bamboo bat and giant flying fox), the worlds†¦show more content†¦They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. Livistona species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra arenosella (recorded on L. subglobosa) and Paysandisia archon. †¢ Kabantigi [pic] Scientific Name: Pemphis acidula Forst. Family: Lythraceae Local Name: Kabantigi Pemphis is a possibly unispecific genus of maritime plants in family Lythraceae, represented by the type species, described in 1775, Pemphis acidula (Other species listed here, upon further scrutiny, may or may not be ajudged classifiable under Pemphis, but for the purposes of this article, Pemphis species are referred to as plural). Pemphis are highly adaptive. Depending on environmental factors, they are densely branched, or low and spreading bushes or short trees, with main stems that can be furcated and lie nearly prone, or develop into one erect trunk. Leaves can be small, fleshy and succulent, or larger, flat and not fleshy. All surfaces are covered generally in silky, colorless trichomes. The fruits and bee-pollinated flowers are produced throughout the year. Seeds can float, and are sometimes propagated through water dispersal. †¢ Almaciga [pic] Scientific Name: Agathis philippinensis Warb. Family: Araucariaceae Common Name: Almaciga Agathis philippinensis (Almaciga or Dayungon) is a species of Agathis native to the Philippines, Sulawesi and Halmahera,Show MoreRelatedHumans’ Moral Obligation to Preserve Endangered Species1508 Words   |  7 PagesHumans’ Moral Obligation to Preserve Endangered Species Many species that exists today are becoming endangered to extinction. In the past era where humans did not exist, extinction occurred due to natural causes. On this present time however, extinction of species are threatened by humans’ existence. Humans are the only moral agent; in which, it has the intellectual capacity that animals and plants do not have. Thus, humans are powerful and dominate over any species. Many practices that humans doRead MorePlanet Philippines1474 Words   |  6 PagesRamos CN: 32 Reaction paper about the documentary film â€Å"Planet Philippines† The documentary film â€Å"Planet Philippines† hosted by Richard Gutierrez was the biggest environmental project of 2009. Planet Philippines took the viewers on a grand and awesome journey into our country’s wilderness sites. They traveled around Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao to examine the diverse Philippine landscape, seascape, and underground terrain. The film began with our daily activities (eatingRead More Wildlife Preservation Essay examples923 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is an organization that has currently set aside thousands of acers of land to enhance the habitat of wildlife. Inventors of the National Heritage Project, which was created for protecting threatened and endangered species as well as natural areas in danger of being taken over by the next Wall Mart Corporation so to speak. 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This mammal is one of eighteen different species of the tarsier primate (A-Z Animals). All tarsiers are found in Southeast Asia, and mainly live in Indonesia and the Philippines. The Tarsius tarsier species in particular are only located in Indonesia (Gursky 2007:3-4). Tarsiers are unique in terms that they exhibit both anthropoid-like and prosimian-like qualities. â€Å"In the traditional approachRead MoreThe Report On The Uss Guardian Ran1698 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In January 2013, the USS Guardian ran aground on the Tubbataha Reefs in the Palawan province of the Philippines, harming over 2,000 square meters of the protected environment (The Philippine Star 2014). As a result, the US Navy minesweeper had to be disassembled into several pieces in order to safely remove it from the reef without further damaging the corals. It is unclear of how the ship sailed off track and ended up in the shallow waters of the marine sanctuary. After over a yearRead MoreThe Manila Ocean Park: Strengths and Weaknesses4396 Words   |  18 Pagesin Manila, Philippines. It is owned by China Oceanis Philippines Inc., a subsidiary of China Oceanis Inc., a Singaporean-registered firm that has operated four oceanariums in China. It is located behind the Quirino Grandstand at Rizal Park. It opened on March 1, 2008.[1] In terms of floor space, the 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) oceanarium is larger than the Sentosa Underwater World oceanarium in Singapore, and featur es a 25-metre (82 ft) underwater acrylic tunnel MANILA, Philippines ? The countryRead MoreThe Most Crucial Problem of Philippine: Deforestation1153 Words   |  5 PagesPhilippine Deforestation: Final Paper Deforestation is one of the most crucial problem of the Philippines today, because of poor economic performance, weak polices, legal institutions and government laws, increasing population, poverty, corruption , agricultural expansion and lastly, extensive commercial logging activities. Philippines is a beautiful country rich in its biodiversity and natural resources, the country has 7,107 islands with a land area of 300,000 square kilometers. UnfortunatelyRead MoreIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Environmental Law2445 Words   |  10 Pageshectare in area, and around 10 meters in depth. A. Exploring Tubbataha Reefs â€Å"Long reef exposed at low tide† or Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park has an area of 97,030 hectares of Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Palawan,\ which is the westernmost Philippine province. It is located 150 kilometers southeast of Puerto Princesa City, at the core of the Coral Triangle, the global center of marine biodiversity which comprises roughly 10,000 hectares of coral reef. Tubbataha is composed of two huge coralRead More The Lemur and the Gibbon Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages500 years ago they have been endangered. Sixteen different species of lemurs have gone extinct because of habitat destruction to hunting by humans. I personally think its very unfair because these gentle non aggressive animals were their before humans and even before monkeys. Prosimians first appeared about 55 million years ago while apes been around for only 35 million years. In 1987, World Wildlife International declared that the lemurs are the most gravely endangered group of primates in the world

Compare Contrast Venetian Renaissance Art Versus Roman Florentine Art Example For Students

Compare Contrast: Venetian Renaissance Art Versus Roman Florentine Art Venetian Art could be described as Painterly. Soft edges and strong mark making approach with impasto paint and a flurry of brushwork. The softer fluffier brushwork became known as poesie or visual poetry grew more popular in the Baroque Rococo periods that followed. Roman Florentine Painting could be characterized by the use of precise contours separated delineated elements and techniques like Diseno, as employed by Michelangelo. The themes and thinking behind Roman Florentine Painting focused mainly on intellectual matters, mathematical and philosophical perspectives on Art. Venetian Art focused mainly on nature- capturing light and painterly approaches Roman Florentine art often had compositions based on architectural shapes While Venetian Art was set in more outdoor rural (pastoral) settings, less architectural composition Roman Florentine Art was heavily influenced by Brunelleschis invention of perspective the writings of Vitruvius Alberti on the correct classical proportions of buildings figures Venetian art was more influenced by Northern Rennaissances technical innovations They used oil paint more used the camera obscura to observe the scene project the light. The venetians, however invented canvas which better suited the damper climate than fresco. Venetian art had a greater pan-European influence on later developments in art e.g. Impressionism and the focus on capturing the effects of light mark making Venetians painted on canvas which was portable could be traded or looted e.g. Napoleon brought many masterpieces to France when he invaded Northern Italy. The many Northern Italian artworks displayed in The Louvre proved to be very influential on French 19th 20th century painting Roman Florentine Early Renaissance Art employed stony and pietra serena colors in figure painting, sculpture architecture. Later in the High Renaissance artists like Raphael used complimentary colors e.g. red and green and orange and blue in Madonna of The Meadow Venetian painters like Titian painted from dark to light on dark backgrounds, using warm red, orange and yellow tones on darker backgrounds to create depth and drama. Venetian painters also juxtaposed nude female figures with clothed figures in the same scene e.g. Venus of Urbino by Titian. This, the indoor contemporary setting renders the nudity less innocent more erotic. This would later be copied by artists in France in the 19th 20th centuries. Manet mocked this voyeurism in his painting Dejuner sur lHerbe (1862,1863) which outraged those who first saw it in the Salon des Refusees. It is now seen as the first work of art about art.

The Constant Gardener Film Essay Example For Students

The Constant Gardener Film Essay Fernando Meirelles’ â€Å"The Constant Gardener† is a complex thriller/love story, based on the novel of John le Carre, containing a heavy use of non-linear story weaving, flashbacks and flash forwards. The main character, Justin Quale, is shown as an unassuming, almost passive person, while his wife, Tessa, is shown as assertive, and almost aggressive. Justin and Tessa are important to the film, because the contrast between their characters helps develop the theme of the never-ending work of gardening. Gardening itself is a past-time not for people who quickly become bored with the tasks. Weeding, trimming, and planting are such tasks which require a lot of effort, time, and constancy. Therefore, Justin Quayle’s gardening is likened to his wife’s never-ending effort to stop the injustices of the pharmaceutical company â€Å"Three Bees†. We will write a custom essay on The Constant Gardener Film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As the movie progresses, and after Justin’s faith and love for his dead wife are rediscovered, he feels that he has completed the mission that she herself was not able to finish, and as he has finished â€Å"uprooting the last of the weeds†, he can now rest, and join his wife in death. During one of the scenes in the film, Justin says that he can not return back home, because â€Å"Tessa was my home†, and yet while he no longer has the will to live, he takes up her unfinished quest and pursues her leads in a way unlike Tessa ever did. Tessa was passionate and confrontational in her exposure of the Three Bee’s plot, but Justin, being the gardener that he was, used different methods to his wife. Knowing from gardening that patience and careful actions are the key, he slowly and politely works through Tessa’s leads, finding out more and more clues about the pharmaceutical company. So even though Tessa is gone, Justin may have found a new home, in this constant struggle for truth. After coming across Ham, one of Tessa’s cousins, Justin finds out that the company KDH are actually the creators of the Dypraxa drug which is supposed to treat tuberculosis, (what Tessa was researching), and that they are partners with Three Bees, who test the drug itself. Justin then meets with Brigit (a woman who had been keeping in touch with Tessa) in Germany, where she tells him that KDH, knowing that the drug could cause deaths, still decided to test the drugs on people and bribed the Kenyan government so that they would allow the testing. This links with the theme as the drug, which has not been correctly developed, is very much like a weed killer, which is capable of killing the weeds (ridding people of TB), but can also kill the plants (can kill people). The Constant Gardener is a successful, well-crafted film, that tries to deliver through itself, a message to human kind about what the world could be like, and that corruption and greed are possible even in humanitarian organizations. It also tries to remind us, that we as humankind are responsible for our governments’ actions and that even a man like Justin Quale, a diplomat and â€Å"servant† of the government, who likes to keep his hands clean, doesn’t mind getting them dirty, when it comes to â€Å"gardening†. Therefore, just like a garden that needs to be well looked after and constantly maintained, this world and the people â€Å"controlling† it, also need to be constantly looked after to make sure that it stays clean of weeds and keeps blossoming.

Impacts of acidic deposition

Impacts of acidic deposition Introduction There is an increasing danger of acidic deposition associated with the booming industrialization at the global level. Acidic deposition is considered as a form of threat to both the ecosystem and the human life. From an ecological perspective, acidic deposition can impose a harmful effect to the purity of water bodies and a threat to the survival of vegetation forms such as forests (Brimblecombe Hiroshi, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of acidic deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principal emissions that contribute to acidic precipitation are sulfur dioxide and the various oxides of nitrogen that are as result of the burning of the fossil fuels (Gunn, 1995). The diverse effects of acidic deposition to human health and environment cannot be underestimated. For the case of the environment, acidic depositions can result to the acidification of water bodies, impose damage to plan ts and harm aquatic life (Caroll, 1990). The contributing factors towards acidic depositions can be attributed both natural factors, which are somewhat uncontrollable, and human factors such as factories, which form one of the largest contributors of the pollutants that result to acidic deposition (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). The significant challenge is that economic sustenance in the current times requires the involvement in human activities that can impose acidic deposition. Irrespective of this, addressing the problem imposed by the acidic deposition can be implemented through the adoption of effective human lifestyle that is characterized by a less reliance on the fossil fuels and an adoption of more renewable forms of energy (Environment Ontario, 2002). Statement of aim The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the major contributing factors to the increasing levels of acidic deposition. The paper will also discuss the barriers towards the resolution of the problem of the acidic deposition. In addition, the paper will also provide an overview of the various ways through which the issue of acidic deposition can be addressed. Case study to analyze the impacts of acidic deposition The Global Environmental Change associated with acidic deposition will be further illustrated using a case study: the environmental changes by heavy industries in the Greater Sudbury, Ontario. This paper will evaluate the increasing levels of industrialization and then the outcome on the environment due to the economic boom associated with the increasing industrialization on the region. In addition, the paper will analyze the various ways through which the government was able to reverse the environmental impacts of acidic deposition in the area.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of Acidic Deposition Acidic deposition, sometimes known as acid rai n usually takes place when the emissions because of the burning of the fossil fuels and emissions from industries are subjected to complex chemical processes within the atmosphere, which is then precipitated back to the earth as either wet or dry deposition. Wet deposition is usually in the form of rainfall, cloud, snow or fog. Dry deposition is in form dry particles of gas or particles (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). Rainfall and snow are usually acidic, but the case is considered severe when the pH levels are less than five. The main chemical compositions that contribute to acidic deposition are SO2 and NOx. When the two compounds undergo a chemical reaction with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and sunlight, the outcome is sulfuric acid and nitric acids, which are the core chemical agents that impose acidic deposition. Chemical compounds that are airborne can propagate over long distances; therefore, their effect can be spread over large areas and locations that are located at longer distances from the emission sources (Gunn, 1995). Causes of acidic deposition The causes of acidic deposition can be broadly classified into natural causes and human factors that result to the production of the chemical compounds that can cause acidic precipitation. The main natural factors that that contribute to the production of gases that can result to acidic precipitation are the emissions that come from the volcanoes. A typical example of this scenario is the fumaroles that are from the Laguna Caliente crater of the Poas Volcano, which is responsible for high levels of acidic precipitation with a pH level of 2 (Jacobson, 2002). This can result to the clearing of the adjacent vegetation, cases of eye irritations and respiratory problems. Biological processes that take place on land and oceans can also result to acid producing chemical compounds. The principal source of compounds that contain sulfur is dimethyl sulfide. Nitric acid is a major requirement for plant lif e and is normally generated by instances of electrical processes in the atmosphere; for instance, lightning. Glacial ice is also a source of acidic deposits. In addition, soils found in coniferous forests have been found be acidic naturally (Keller et al, 1977). Human activity is also major contributing factor to the production of acid generating compounds in the atmosphere. The most form of pollution that causes acidic precipitation is from coal power plants. In fact, the pollutants from factories can cause acidic precipitation over a large area of geographical scope because the emissions are transported to far regions before being precipitated as rain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of acidic deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another human activity that plays a significant role in the production of acidic nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere is livestock production, owing to the fact that it a m ajor source of ammonia, which contributes majorly towards the availability of acid rain (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). It is arguably evident that the both human and nature are responsible for the causation of acidic deposition. However, it is estimated that anthropogenic factors account for twice of the amount of the airborne acid (Environment Ontario, 2002). The underlying argument is that human population constitutes of approximately two thirds of the anthropogenic population, implying that humans have the ability to minimize the impacts of acidic deposition (Tamra Reyes, 2009). Effects of Acidic deposition Acidic deposition has adverse effects on the water bodies, soils, forests and other vegetation, aquatic life, spoiling building and severe effects on human health. The impacts of the acidic deposition are normally evident around areas that are characterized by intense industrialization. The following are some of the adverse effects of acidic deposition to the enviro nment and human life (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). Acidic deposition is responsible for having adverse effects on the aquatic life and altering the chemical composition of surface waters. Low pH values and high amounts of aluminum in surface waters are because of acidic deposition, which can be a threat to marine life. A pH that is less than 5 makes it difficult to aquatic life and result to a reduction in the biodiversity of the water bodies as more acidic conditions are induced. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (2008), acidic deposition is responsible for about 75 per cent of the acidic lakes and 50 per cent of streams that are acidic in nature. The second effect of acidic deposition is that it affects the chemical composition of soils and the soil biology. Microorganisms in the soil that cannot tolerate low levels of pH are killed by acidic deposition, which in turn affects soil nutrition and its ability to host plants and microorganisms. This is a poss ible explanation why forests are gradually facing extinction in industrialized regions. This is because acidic deposition causes the production of toxic aluminum and a reduction in the levels of calcium, resulting to tree growth that is stunted. In addition, only species that can tolerate high acidity levels can survive in soils that are subjected to acid rain (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A reduction in the amounts of forests due to acidic deposition implies that there will be more carbon dioxide and less oxygen in the atmosphere, resulting to an imbalance in the atmosphere and the prospects of global warming. Chemicals that are airborne are usually toxic are harmful to the health of animals that rely in the air in the atmosphere for survival. Acid deposition also affects the human health by imposing respiratory problems that are evident through lung irritation because of dry acidic deposits. Eye irritations are also an effect of acidic deposits. Buildings and other structures are vulnerable to corrosion from acidic deposits (Environment Ontario, 2002). It is projected that a 50 percent reduction in the emissions that are responsible for the production of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide will be enough to facilitate the restoration of the environmental equilibrium. This goal is difficult to realize without the implementation of appropriate strategies and approac hes. Impacts of acidic deposition imposed by the environmental changes by heavy industries in the greater sudbury, Ontario Overview Air quality in has been a subject of contention in the City of Greater Sudbury due to the fact that the city is one of largest metal smelting places in the world. The City of Greater Sudbury is famous for its high emissions of sulfur dioxide, which is greatly associated with acidic deposition (Environment Ontario, 2002). The extent to which the landscape of the area has been damaged by acidic deposition and the efforts adopted by the government of Ontario and industry makes the City of Greater Sudbury a perfect case study for understanding the impacts of acidic deposition and the effectiveness of the recovery process (Environment Ontario, 2002). Over the course of its existence, the city has been a perfect example of the extent to which human activities can result to acid deposition and its aftermath as evident by instances of industrial barrens, lakes that have been damaged by acid deposition and the tallest super tack in the world being found in the area. Despite of this, environmental recovery has been attempted with the primary intention of restoring the air quality in the City of Greater Sudbury. The following section outlines the impacts of acid deposition in the area (Keller et al, 1977). Impacts of acid deposition in the city of Greater Sudbury The chemical composition of the lakes found in the city of Greater Sudbury is a clear indication of the level through increased industrialization imposes acidic deposition and the respective impact on the water bodies of the adjacent environs. The most significant industrial stress that the industries found in the city impose on the water bodies are increased erosion, acidic deposition and cases of metal contamination, which are significantly attributed to the high number of mining and logging factories in the region. As a result, acidic deposition in the city is responsible for aff ecting the water quality and aquatic life in the lakes that are found within the city. A notable impact of acidic deposition in the area is that it increases the acidic levels of the surface water, which in turn raises the solubility of toxic metals and affect the organic composition of the soils, making it difficult for the soil in the region to sustain vegetation in order to foster a balance in the atmosphere. Acid deposition in the area has also affected the regenerative capability of vegetation in the area. The City of Greater Sudbury receives rain that has acidity levels that are twice the amount that forests can withstand. The outcome of this is forest depletion in the city because acid deposition has a significant effect on the soil nutrients. The impacts of acid deposition can be reversed, although they may take a long time to restore the acidity levels that are not harmful for the sustenance of an ecosystem (Tamra Reyes, 2009). The approach identified to address Acidic dep osition The identified plan of approach towards addressing the issue of acidic deposition is through fostering the adoption of more renewable forms of energy, so that that there will be minimal reliance on fossil fuel, which are major contributors of the sulfur dioxide and the oxides of nitrogen to the environment. In addition, it is important to regulate the amount and the kind of emissions that factories emit to the environment. Other strategies that can be adopted in order to address acidic deposition include coal washing with the objective of elimination of sulfur before combustion, the use of alternative power plants and the overall reduction in the consumption of energy (Gunn, 1995). The outcome of the implementation of the above strategy is the containment of the waste from factories, which involves the use of water treatment strategies in order to reduce the level of metal concentrations and acidity levels before industrial water is released to the environment. With this res pect, it is the responsibility of local authorities and the obligation of such factories to ensure that they adopt water treatment plans to address the issues that are likely to increase acid deposition. Environmental management strategies are not effective without the aspect of public awareness and their involvement towards the same. Public awareness plays an important role in ensuring that the people have an understanding of the environmental stress regarding the air and water quality of their environment. As such, local authorities must implement programs that encourage the people to be more cautious towards the importance of environmental awareness (Gunn, 1995). Analysis of the adopted strategy The methods outlined in the plan of approach for addressing the problem of acidic deposition are viable and can be used for reducing the amount of acid-contributing substances in the atmosphere. However, they all have their strengths and limitations, and the effectiveness of the methods d epends on the tradeoff between their advantages and disadvantages. Coal washing with the aim of removing sulfur prior to combustion is vital in the elimination of acidic deposition, has a significant challenge in the sense that it results to the generation of polluted water. On the hand, using fuel alternatives is an expensive strategy and requires adequate time for its effective implementation. Any approach that requires a reduction in energy consumption and adoption of alternative forms of energy requires a complete overhaul of the energy policies in Canada. However, the basic argument is that a reduction in energy consumption, adoption of renewable sources of energy as alternative forms of energy combined with the strategy of emissions control is the best approach towards the elimination of human factors that result to acid deposition. In addition, it is important that new solutions have to be developed constantly to address the increasing problem of acid deposition (Caroll, 1990 ). Conclusion Acidic deposition is an increasing global environmental change that requires the deployment of appropriate strategies in order to contain its impacts. It is arguably evident that the acidic deposition affects the chemical composition of the ecosystem, threatens the sustenance of the aquatic life, forests, and the biological and chemical composition of the soil and affects human health. It is also notable that human activities are a major contributing factor towards acidic deposition; as such, any approaches that should be implemented to contain acidic deposition should be centered towards the regulation of human activities. The suggested approaches include the adoption of alternative forms of energy that are renewable, reduction of energy consumption and increasing people awareness towards environmental conservation. References Brimblecombe, P., Hiroshi, H. (2007). Acid Rain Deposition to Recovery. New York: Springer. Caroll, E. J. (1990). International environmental diplomacy: the management and resolution of transfrontier environmental problems. New York: CUP Archive. Environment Ontario. (2002). Air Quality in Ontario, 2001 Report. Ontario: Environment Ontario. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Effects of Acid Rain Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain#health Gunn, J. (1995). REstoration and Recovery of an industrial region, Progress in restoring the damaged landscape near Sudbury, canada. New York: Springer-Verlag. Jacobson, M. Z. (2002). Atmospheric pollution: history, science, and regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Keller, W., Pitblado, R. J., Conroy, N. I. (1977). Water Quality Improvements in the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada area Related to Reduced Smelter Emissions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 31 (3-4), 765-774. Tamra, G., Reyes, O. (2009). Carbon trdaing How it works and why it fails. Critical currents , 7, 10-56.

Domestication and Spread of the Sweet Potato

Domestication and Spread of the Sweet Potato The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a root crop, probably first domesticated somewhere between the Orinoco river in Venezuela north to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The oldest sweet potato discovered to date was in the Tres Ventanas cave in the Chilca Canyon region of Peru, ca. 8000 BCE, but it is believed to have been a wild form. Recent genetic research suggests that Ipomoea trifida, native to Colombia, Venezuela, and Costa Rica, is the closest living relative of I. batantas, and maybe its progenitor. The oldest remains of domesticated sweet potato in the Americas were found in Peru, about 2500 BCE. In Polynesia, decidedly Precolumbian sweet potato remains have been found in the Cook Islands by CE 1000-1100, Hawaii by CE 1290-1430, and Easter Island by CE 1525. Sweet potato pollen, phytoliths, and starch residues have been identified in agricultural plots alongside maize in South Auckland. Sweet Potato Transmissions Transmission of the sweet potato around the planet was primarily the work of the Spanish and Portuguese, who got it from the South Americans and spread it to Europe. That doesnt work for Polynesia, though; its too early by 500 years. Scholars generally assume that either seed of the potato were brought to Polynesia by birds such as the Golden Plover that regularly cross the Pacific; or by accidental raft drift by lost sailors from the South American coast. A recent computer simulation study indicates that raft drift is, in fact, a possibility. Source This article on the domestication of sweet potatoes is part of the About.com Guide to Plant Domestications, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Bovell-Benjamin, Adelia. 2007. Sweet potato: A review of its past, present and future role in human nutrition. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 52:1-59. Horrocks, Mark and Ian Lawlor 2006 Plant microfossil analysis of soils from Polynesian Journal of Archaeological Science 33(2):200-217.stonefields in South Auckland, New Zealand. Horrocks, Mark and Robert B. Rechtman 2009 Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and banana (Musa sp.) microfossils in deposits from the Kona Field System, Island of Hawaii. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(5):1115-1126. Horrocks, Mark, Ian W. G. Smith, Scott L. Nichol, and Rod Wallace 2008 Sediment, soil and plant . Journal of Archaeological Science 35(9):2446-2464.microfossil analysis of Maori gardens at Anaura Bay, eastern North Island, New Zealand: comparison with descriptions made in 1769 by Captain Cooks expedition Montenegro, lvaro, Chris Avis, and Andrew Weaver. Modeling the prehistoric arrival of the sweet potato in Polynesia. 2008. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(2):355-367. OBrien, Patricia J. 1972. The Sweet Potato: Its Origin and Dispersal. American Anthropologist 74(3):342-365. Piperno, Dolores R. and Irene Holst. 1998. The Presence of Starch Grains on Prehistoric Stone Tools from the Humid Neotropics: Indications of Early Tuber Use and Agriculture in Panama. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:765-776. Srisuwan, Saranya, Darasinh Sihachakr, and Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev. 2006. The origin and evolution of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) and its wild relatives throughout the cytogenetic approaches. Plant Science 171:424–433. Ugent, Donald and Linda W. Peterson. 1988. Archaeological remains of potato and sweet potato in Peru. Circular of the International Potato Center 16(3):1-10.

Green Zone Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Green Zone - Dissertation Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that as the primary target of Urbanwell is to develop a facility that will have a positive impact on the living standard of the community and harness a culture of growth and development. Another aspect of paramount importance is the sustainability of the facility that is to be developed, as this venture does not consider financial profit making as its prime motive. But the self-generation and regulation of finance will provide stability to the social enterprise. Urbanwell is a charity organisation and being cost effective in its service charges is of utmost importance as well and this aspect will completely change the business and operational model of the enterprise. Lastly and most importantly the element of risk must be minimum as we are aware of the fact that the profit margin is going to be very short and so will be a recovery time incase a loss is faced. Hence all actions must be analysed and counterproductive actions m ust be highlighted and eliminated. Concluding, what Urbanwell requires is facility that is cost effective both to the end user and establishment, sustainable on economic, environmental, cultural grounds and provide progressive and healthy growth to the community. For these reasons we as development consultants propose that Urbanwell must make its investment of about  £ 3.5 Million in developing â€Å"Green Zone†.... According to the report 25 percent of boys and 33 percent of girls aged between 2 and 19 years are overweight or obese. Then more than 60 percent of adult males will be stated as obese by 2050.Whereas more than 50 percent of overweight children will become overweight adults. But the most distressing fact is that the amount of direct health service costs from obesity will increase 7 times by 2050 and it is to be noted that at present 45 Billion Pounds is spent on curative measures of obesity and obesity related illness. The statistics mentioned above are a clear indicative and propose themselves that we should seriously take some appropriate actions to safeguard our youth and preserve our future from the damage. We suggest that in order to create a healthy environment. We must develop facilities which provide both awareness and solution to the problem. For which we have come up with an idea of â€Å"Green Zone† whose aim would be to change the diet plan and eating habits of chi ldren in an interactive and unique manner. The marketing of Green Zone will not only help in increasing the sales of the company but will also aid in creating awareness of the problems associated with bad eating habits and illness. GreenZone would be working under the slogan of â€Å"Great Health is Great wealth†. It is to be noted that the Department of Health has come to a conclusion that the 71 million times UK children snack while traveling to and from school each week. This is a clear indicative of the potential market that we are going to focus. What we at Greenzone aim at is that firstly create awareness among people in general and mothers in specific that green and healthy diet is very

An overview of Under Armor and how they are challenging nike in sports Essay

An overview of Under Armor and how they are challenging nike in sports apparel - Essay Example The company’s wide range of products is being used by many reputed consumers and other people of the world as well. Apart from all these, there also exist numerous competitors of Under Armour in the world. Among them, Nike is one of the major competitors of the company as both of them operate their business in the world of sports brand (Thomas Reuters, 2014). To analyse the competition between these two huge brands, this study will consist of the overview about Under Armour and the ways they are competing with its competitors. A complete study of the background of the company along with its vision, business culture and expansion strategies will be taken into due consideration. This information will help to understand the competitive advantage of the company in the local as well as the global market. Since 1996, Under Armour has been running its business successfully in the field of sports shoes and other required accessories for sports. In the present scenario, the company is operating its business in major parts of the world such as North America, the Middle East, Latin America, Europe and Asia. The idea of business of sports brand came from a simple idea developed by the 23 year old former captain of the University of Maryland i.e. Kevin Plank’s special team. During playing days of Kevin Plank, he hated to wear the sweat soaked cotton T-shirt again and again, especially in the hot warmers days. In order to get rid of this problem, he set out an idea of manufacturing such T-shirt, which can be suitable for the players to wear even in the hotter days. Plank named the company of sports brand as Under Armour. For the first time in the world of sports, a new design of T-shirt named as #0037 came into existence. This t-shirt was designed in such a manner that it comprised of moisture soaking fibres, which help the players to keep them cool and dry even in the hotter conditions. At the initial stages of the development of such